Chapter 21 notes

1. Heterogeneous-different people, cultures, etc.
2. Immigrants-Legal aliens that move to another country.
3. Reservation-public land given to Native Americans by the government.
4. Refugee-Moved here for protection purposes
5. Assimilation- Adapting to another culture.

Section 1

1. Population of US is prominently white.
2. Immigrants have been arriving since the 1960s
3. African Americans, Hispanic American, Asian American-groups populations that have grown several times high that he white population.
4. Minority populations that that exceed the white population is California, Hawaii, New Mexico, and Texas.
5. More females then males
6. African Americans have been victims of consistent & deliberate unjust treatment longest.
7. 14% of the American population is African American.
8. Most gain in the nation about made in translating the Constitution & equality was made by the African Americans.
9. in the 1600s about 1 million Native Americans lived in the US
10. by 1900 about 250,000 lived here.
11. They brought lots of diseases that hurt their population.
12. Political agendas eventually sent them westward.
13. poverty, joblessness, and alcoholism plagues many native American reservations today.
14. Native American infants die more often than other babies.
15. Hispanic American have a Spanish speaking background.
16. Hispanic American= 50 million in the US
17. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban American, and Central & south Americans.
18. Chinese laborers were the first Asian Americans
19. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882- 80 years made it illegal for Chinese to immigrate to America
20. WWII all Japanese were evacuated to the Pacific Coast.
21. Chinese woman were treated unfairly through education, property rights and employment opportunities.
22. Fewer women in higher job statuses. it is illegal to pay women less then men.

Section 3

1. People who oppose the Civil rights believe you cant change morality by passing a law.
2. "Judicial decrees... may or may not change the heart, but they can restrain the heartless.' -Martin Luther King Jr.  
3. 1870-1950s no meaningful legislation passed in regards to civil rights.
4. The Civil Right Act of 1964.
5. longest debate in history lasted 83 days.
6. Public services could no longer deny access based on race, religion, national origin physical disability, etc.
7. Voting provisions were changes because of the Civil Right Act.
8. Federal funding programs could not discriminate because of race, religion, national origin physical disability, etc.
9. Employees and labor unions could not discriminate because of race, religion, national origin physical disability, etc.
10. Civil Right Act of 1968 "Open Housing Act" cannot refuse selling/rent living space to a person due to race, religion, national origin, physical disability, etc.
11. Title 9- forbids discrimination on the basis of gender in any educational program or program regarding financial assistance.
12. Equal funding and opportunities must be given to women athletes.  
13. Affirmative Action requires employers to take positive steps to fix the affects to past discrimination.
14. Employers must meet quotas for minority groups/genders.
15. Many argue that this results in reverse discrimination: discrimination against the majority group.
16. "Color Blind" the government should see people for their characters and what theyre good at rather than what they look like.
17. California, Washington, Michigan, and Nebraska voters passed measures to eliminate all affirmative action plans.
18. Allen Bakke sues the university of California because he was denied access to their medical school due to Affirmative Action. Bakke won.
19. Since then the court has made decisions regarding similar cases: quotas can be used when needed.
20. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor predicts in 25 years, the use of racial preferences will no longer be necessary.

Section 4

1. An American citizen is someone who swears allegiance to the U.S.
2. Before the 1860s citizenship was not important to the people living in the US.
3. the 14th amendment was the first constitutional definition of a citizens.
4. A person born or naturalized in the US.
5. The constitution declares that a person becomes a citizen two ways by birth or naturalization.
6. Naturalization- a process by which a person can become a citizen of another country at sometime after birth.
7. Naturalization is done individually.
8. en masse- a group of people become a citizen because the gains their territory.
9. Every American Citizen has the right to abandon their citizenship through Expatriation.
10. it is unconstitutional for congress to take away citizenship.
11. Naturalized citizens can lose citizenship through denaturalization.
12. marriage does not make you a citizen. it only shortens he time it take to become a citizen.
13. Quotas for immigration exist. Limits the number of people allowed from each country.
14. Immigration Act of 1965 did away with he quota system letting up to 270,000 immigrant in  a year.
15. Immigration act of 1990 governs the admission of aliens into the US.
16. people can be denied entrance to the US based on their characteristics. criminal, mentally ill who might harm, etc.
17. Deportation- legal process by which aliens are required to leave the country.
18. Why deportation: illegal immigrants conviction of a serious crime.

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